The Swampland program, originating from attempts to delineate the set of low‑energy effective field theories (EFTs) that can arise from a consistent theory of quantum gravity, has generated a rich tapestry of conjectures with far‑reaching consequences for particle physics, string theory, and cosmology. In this review we assemble the most prominent Swampland conjectures—namely the Distance Conjecture, the de Sitter Conjecture, the Weak Gravity Conjecture, the Refined de Sitter Conjecture, the Trans‑Planckian Censorship Conjecture, and the Swampland Distance–Complexity Bound—and examine how they constrain models of inflation, dark energy, and late‑time cosmology. We also discuss recent developments in the “Swampland‑Cosmology Interface,” including the role of multi‑field dynamics, axion monodromy, and the emergence of non‑perturbative effects. Finally, we outline open challenges and propose a set of observational signatures that could falsify—or lend credence to—the Swampland paradigm in forthcoming cosmological surveys.
Conventional large‑field models are largely excluded. Viable single‑field constructions must either (i) involve sub‑Planckian excursions (small‑field inflation), (ii) feature steep potentials that are nonetheless compatible with sufficient e‑folds via non‑canonical dynamics, or (iii) rely on multi‑field effects that dilute the effective field range. ampland com
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