Visit your college library today. Borrow the 7th or 8th edition of Political Science by N.D. Arora. Turn to page 56. Read Note 1. Then close the book and explain David Easton to a friend. That is real learning—far better than any “hot” PDF.
| Aspect | Classical View (Arora’s summary) | Modern / "Hot" Critique | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | | Plato: 5,040 citizens. Aristotle: Large enough for self-sufficiency, small enough for governance. | No fixed number. Micro-states (e.g., Monaco) and large states (India, US) both function. | | Quality | Citizens should have virtue and education. | Today: Human Development Index (HDI), literacy, health are more relevant than virtue. | | Diversity | 19th-century thinkers preferred homogeneity (one language, one culture). | Hot Topic: Multiculturalism, federalism, and minority rights. Diversity is now seen as a challenge AND a strength. | | Citizenship vs. Population | Population includes all residents. | Distinction: Citizens (with rights) vs. non-citizen residents/refugees. This is a contemporary "hot" issue. |
