The publication of FM 31-28 marked a significant shift in the way that special forces approached urban combat. The manual provided a comprehensive guide to advanced urban combat techniques, which helped to standardize training and operations across the special forces community. FM 31-28 also reflected the growing recognition of the importance of urban warfare in modern military operations.
FM 31-28, dated 1 December 1999 and marked FOUO (For Official Use Only), is a U.S. Army Special Forces manual that addresses tactics, techniques, and procedures for advanced urban combat operations. It synthesizes lessons from late-20th-century conflicts and anticipates the growing importance of complex urban environments for special operations forces (SOF). Below is a concise, engaging primer that highlights the manual’s structure, key concepts, and enduring relevance. The publication of FM 31-28 marked a significant
Given the date (1999), direct C-UAS was not present. However, the manual addressed counter-observation from upper stories and rooftop snipers, a precursor to modern anti-drone tactics. FM 31-28, dated 1 December 1999 and marked